1) Read up on logical fallacies – understand the difference between formal and informal fallacies. Become familiar with how people invoke informal fallacies when their ideology is threatened by scientific data. For example, “argument from ignorance” used by theists. There’s a somewhat unique collection used by science deniers of all stripes.
2) Understand the many cognitive biases that people are prone to. If you want an excellent, in-depth book on the topic, you can read “Thinking, Fast and Slow” by Daniel Kahneman, who describes his life work with Amos Tversky in uncovering dozens of these biases and heuristics (mental shortcuts). Becoming familiar with the many ways humans make basic cognitive errors will allow you to be more careful, doubt your personal experiences, and realize the importance of science in devising experiments to weed out these biases.
3) Understand the epistemology of science, i.e. how scientific knowledge unfolds over time. This is what my YouTube series is designed for. Begin with the scientific consensus and understand how this forms, why it’s so important, and why non-experts who reject it are almost certainly making a range of errors in not valuing it.
In conjunction with the above, if you’re looking to learn different areas of philosophy, the Stanford Encylopedia of Philosophy is an excellent tool that runs down all sorts of areas: from moral philosophy, to ontology, to epistemology. This area of inquiry can sort of exist orthogonal to the first 3), i.e. you can discover them at different paces.